Syria's Endangered Heritage Read online

  Syria’s Endangered Heritage:

  An International Responsibility to Protect and Preserve

  2015

  Franklin P. Lamb, PhD

  Translated into Arabic by:

  Rasheed Abdul Hadi

  Orontes Publishing House, LTD 2015

  Syria’s Endangered Heritage:

  An International Responsibility to Protect and Preserve

  2015

  Franklin P. Lamb, PhD

  Published by Orontes Publishing House, LTD

  Hama, Syrian Arab Republic

  [email protected]

  Copyright © 2015 by Orontes Publishing House, LTD

  All rights reserved.

  No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed

  Without permission from the publisher.

  ISBN (978-9953-0-3084-5)

  Designed by

  Khaled Majed Hiatlih

  [email protected]

  Official Website: www.syrian-heritage.com

  Dedication

  In loving memory of Clyde Chester Lamb III

  Died April 18, 1983 US Embassy Beirut

  Never will Clyde be forgotten. Nor the joy he was destined to bring many.

  This volume is dedicated to the brightest lights of my life:

  Alistair Xavier

  ‎ Louisa Amanda

  Fairouz Helen

  ‎ Helen Barbara

  May life’s journey guide each of you to cross paths with the ten millennia of ‎Cultural Heritage of Great Syria, our world’s Cradle of Civilization.‎

  ‎ And may her noble people achieve the healing and enduring peace which is ‎their birthright.‎

  Damascus

  February 26, 2015‎

  Look back over the past, with its changing empires that rose and fell,

  and you can foresee the future, too.

  -Marcus Aurelius-

  Contents

  Dedication

  Acknowledgements

  Foreword

  By Eng. Besher Riad Yazji

  Minister of Tourism

  Foreword

  By Prof. Dr. Maamoun Abdulkarim

  General Director of Antiquities and Museums

  Preface

  By Mr. Khaled Majed Hiatlih

  Archaeologist

  Introduction

  Chapter 1

  Years of War in Syria Are Destroying Our Cultural Heritage

  An Overview

  A Brief Survey of Syria’s Museums

  Physical Damage to Museums

  Thefts from Museums

  Forgery of Antiquities

  Construction violations

  Jewish Cultural Heritage

  Syrian Efforts to Preserve Jewish Heritage

  Debasement of archaeological sites and damage to historic neighborhoods

  Chapter 2

  National and International Legal Protections

  for Syria’s Cultural Heritage

  An overview of key provisions in Syrian antiquities laws

  Pending changes to Syria’s antiquities law

  Sources of international law applicable to Syria’s cultural heritage

  The 1995 UNIDROIT Convention

  Will events in Syria mirror those in Iraq?

  Why has International law been unable to protect Syria’s cultural heritage?

  Chapter 3

  ‘‘Paradise’’ Lost?

  ‘Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently’

  Public Executions and Pulverized Lions

  The Syrian government launches restoration projects

  Chapter 4

  ‘This Has Never Happened in Our Country’

  Tesserae from the Maelstrom

  Tea and Pastry and a Talk with Syrian Students

  Damage and Desecration to Religious Sites

  Saint Elias Church and the Battle for Qusayr

  Chapter 5

  A Clarion Call to the International Community To Protect and Restore

  Syria’s Cultural Heritage…Our Heritage

  Recommendations

  UNWTO

  DGAM and the Grass Roots Citizens Campaign to ‘Save Syria’s History’

  Cooperation By Nations

  The Role of INTERPOL

  Private Researchers as Sleuths

  United Nations Appeal—2004 and 2014

  UN Security Council Resolution on remedial measures

  Regulatory Action Also Needed from U.S. Congress

  International support for DGAM’s work

  Conclusions

  Appendix

  Satellite pictures to monitor cultural heritage damage in Syria ‎

  Bibliography

  Index

  About the Author

  Acknowledgements

  This project was inspired by friends in Syria whose deep love for their country and its cultural ‎heritage at first puzzled me. From my experiences in this region and this country, I have come to ‎learn about and value the deep bond that Middle Easterners generally, and Syrians particularly, ‎have with the many thousands of years of history and culture across this region. The connection ‎between Syrians and their cultural heritage seems to me to be almost genetic. Different somehow, ‎from what I and many friends of mine feel for our, by comparison, very new country which we ‎love but seemingly in different ways and to different degrees and without the same deep historic ‎and archeological connections.‎

  Syrians from across this great country unfailingly provided me, over the past two years with ‎essential assistance on countless occasions. Examples are numerous and include my new friends ‎among the Palmyra Museum officials, across the desert from Homs northeast of Damascus, and ‎staff at various local government entities at several archeological sites: the Shrine to Sayyida ‎Zeinab, the granddaughter of Prophet Muhammad south of Damascus, various locations in the old ‎city of Damascus, such as the Umayyad Mosque and ancient Citadel, the much damaged ancient ‎souks of Homs and Aleppo, to name just a few. With many other local officials and community ‎activists, they often provided fascinating details about Syria’s cultural heritage and the current ‎dangers to her (and our) cultural heritage, which, for centuries if not millennia, has been located in ‎their Governorates. ‎

  I thank the lovely and inspiring students and dedicated faculty from Damascus, Al Baath, and ‎Aleppo Universities and other institutions of learning in Syria, including Damascus public and ‎private schools, and vital help from the general population. I am particularly indebted to Richard ‎Edmonson, Miriam Adams, Professor Virginia Tilley, Ghada Jilani, Khaled Hiatlih, Rasha Haqi, ‎Reem Haddad of the Ministry of Information and Dr. Maamoun AbdulKarim and his staff at the ‎Directorate General of Antiquates and Museums (DGAM), Alistair Xavier Lamb, Ms. Sawsan ‎Fattoum and my dear friend Ayman Talal al Nabhan for their generous editorial help and frequent ‎counsel and assistance on many aspects of this project.‎

  ‎ I wish to acknowledge, with thanks, the sundry military and security personnel at checkpoints ‎around Syria who were always professional and courteous and unfailingly helpful about road ‎conditions and potential dangers. The most frequent advice offered to the author, after looking at ‎my passport and asking, usually good naturedly “What is an American doing around here?” was ‎‎“stay off the roads after dark because there are bad people on your route!” Their advice and ‎extended friendship facilitated travel around Syria during the current crisis and were reassuring and ‎much appreciated, even if I could not always follow their logistical advice given how quickly ‎daylight passes these days, seemingly even faster in the desert somehow.‎

  ‎ At some locations, such as the eleventh century Crusader fortress between Homs
, Syria and the ‎Lebanese mountains known as Krak des Chevaliers, the local commander “Muhammad” and his ‎troops could not have been more helpful or entertaining as they generously offered enthralling tales ‎from the rich history of the massive fortress built in the Middle Ages and the many roles it has ‎played militarily and geopolitically over the past thousand years. Much valued informal seminars ‎over cups of local tea and freshly picked mulberries, the latter which soldiers picked from ‎bordering trees which some say were originally brought to the Middle East from Europe by the ‎crusaders. I was briefed on details of a few battles over the past many months in the village’s ‎surrounding Krak des Chevaliers, against various jihadist militias. I was shown the private quarters ‎and fascinating personnel effects of the last of the ‘Emirs of Krak des Chevaliers’, Abu Sulieman, ‎before he ‘escaped’ back to Tripoli, Lebanon, only to be ambushed not far from the fortress by ‎Syrian troops who laid a trap for him and his men, some with their families in tow, in early March ‎‎2014.‎

  I acknowledge with special thanks the cooperation of several dedicated staff members and officials ‎at the Syrian Arab Republic, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Culture, and ‎it’s Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM).‎

  Syria’s indefatigable Minister of Tourism, H.E. Besher Riad Yazji, was the first to encourage the ‎author to attempt this project and his help has been indispensible. I shall always be much indebted ‎to him. ‎

  Minister Yazji’s staff assistant, Ms. Nuhad Makhoul could not have been more supportive, ‎understanding, patient and reliable. I also deeply thank her colleagues, including Mr. Bassam ‎Barsik.‎

  My special thanks to the citizens and students of Syria whose love of their country and volunteer ‎work and commitment is so evident these days as they courageously work to protect, preserve and ‎restore the damaged cultural heritage of all of us.‎

  ‎ This is their project.‎

  ‎ I am honored to have had the opportunity to be part of it.‎

  ‎Franklin Lamb

  Damascus - March 2015

  Foreword

  By Eng. Besher Riad Yazji

  Minister of Tourism

  When the world considers Syria’s ancient and venerable history, its many diverse peoples will come to understand why the Syrian people today so deeply cherish their country’s cultural heritage. The dove and olive branch were first drawn here, as a symbol for peace to prohibit killing and assault in the Land of Mary. The world’s oldest peace agreement was forged here in ancient times, to prohibit violence in accordance with the findings and discoveries of Tel Mardikh in Ebla. Syria is known as the Land of Heavenly Religions, the land of Prophets and Saints. In Damascus, one can imagine the echo of the steps of St. Paul the Apostle. In the Damascus countryside, nestled on the slopes of Al-Qalamoun Mountains, one can enter the ancient Christian village of Maaloula and hear the melody of spoken Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ.

  In this land where the splendor of the past and beauty of the present mingle to form a panorama of beautiful, moving and fascinating sites for historians, pilgrims and tourists alike, it is no wonder that today the Syrian people patiently and courageously face and defy the international terrorist forces targeting their history, archaeological treasures and the cultural heritage they guard. How heartbreaking that, as we enter 2015, much of our cultural heritage, including our ancient churches and mosques, have been destroyed and desecrated. Our most spectacular monuments have been exposed, for the past four years of the Syrian Crisis, to massive damage and sabotage caused by armed extremist groups and to illicit and unauthorized excavations. Our shared global cultural heritage has been imperiled, damaged or even destroyed by the rampant looting, smuggling and trafficking in stolen irreplaceable artifacts, which are finally sold in auction houses in Europe and USA and other countries or on the international black market in antiquities.

  But surely, just as Syria’s landscape was the road for conversion by St. Paul the Apostle, who began his journey here carrying the torch of peace to the whole world, today Syria can be the Road of Conversion for the whole world to confront and defeat this terrible threat of terrorism targeting our shared cultural heritage. For even as this war has created damaged and devastated great areas, it has also created legends of patriotism, endurance and resistance.

  The government of the Syrian Arab Republic, and particularly the staff of its various ministries, including the Ministry of Tourism, have taken upon themselves the preservation, restoration and reconstruction of a number of cultural heritage sites. In this effort to prepare Syria once again to receive tourists, archaeologists, scholars, and journalists from around the world, Syria’s people and government, propelled by an eternal love for this land, are today resisting the forces assaulting our country and its cultural heritage.

  Our thanks are extended to Dr. Franklin Lamb and to his team for producing this valuable book. His courage in traveling across Syria, to some of the most dangerous places of the conflict, reflects his love for the Syrian people and his dedication drawing international attention to the nature of the crisis and the precarious threat it poses to our shared global heritage. We hope this work will inspire the international community and its governments to act responsibly, legally and morally but with new determination toward a genuine cessation of hostilities, including the looting of our cultural heritage. And we hope that ultimately, by helping others to recognize our common values in protecting the shared heritage of humanity, Dr. Lamb’s book will contribute to restoring friendship among nations and peoples based upon mutual understanding and respect.

  Eng. Besher Riad Yazji,

  Minister of Tourism, in ِAncient City of Aleppo

  Foreword

  By Prof. Dr. Maamoun Abdulkarim

  General Director of Antiquities and Museums

  With the crisis in Syria entering its fourth year, the pain that Syrian people live with watching the details of their lives fall apart has become parallel to a heartrending cultural hemorrhage in the country as well, one whose negative impact and influence may linger forever.

  Countless archaeological sites in the country are being systematically targeted by means of illegal excavations carried out by organized armed groups, while smuggling and illicit trafficking in pillaged artifacts—rare and extremely valuable commodities which often end up for sale in international markets—have become huge concerns as well. In addition, unique archaeological landmarks are subject to deliberate distortion and destruction for extremist purposes as a transformation of city centers into battlefields—in Homs, Aleppo and elsewhere—also proceeds nonstop. These are cities that embody a cultural history, engraved in their every corner, dating back thousands of years. It is a vital and rich heritage that has always been the subject of admiration and respect around the world, as well as a source of pride for all Syrians, who have, throughout history, managed to protect it, yet it is a heritage now threatened by a veritable list of risks.

  In deference to our responsibility towards the people of Syria, we at the Directorate—General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM) in the Ministry of Culture find ourselves racing against time in an attempt to minimize the impact of the crisis, to lessen its repercussions on our antiquities, in the face of this ongoing deterioration. Toward that end, our main target is to bring all Syrians together under the goal of defending their antiquities, regardless of their different views, given that these antiquities belong to them first and foremost, and that they represent their common heritage and solidarity as a people. Thanks to this approach, DGAM has been able to perform its mission efficiently, with its cadres and staff members still united in the governorates. In addition, its efforts have been quite successful in several areas, particularly in the matter of safeguarding museum holdings by transferring them to secure locations, an undertaking that has been deemed a victory by all measures.

  But the protection provided by such preemptive interventions is not the only light in t
his dark tunnel. The willpower shown by members of the local community, working in cooperation with DGAM cadres, has also played a crucial role, reducing the extent of damage and violation. Furthermore, solidarity with archaeological institutions and professional organizations additionally has made an enormous difference when the ‘chips were down’ and DGAM found itself losing its own strong institutional presence due to the crisis. Hence a spirit of positivity, an awareness and faith of the community as regards the importance of safeguarding heritage—all of these things and more have helped in rescuing the largest number of sites and artifacts, thus ensuring the transmission of the shared memory, history and identity—as represented by this heritage—to future generations.

  Despite these massive efforts, the magnitude of the risks threatening Syrian cultural heritage is beyond our capabilities and limited resources (though not our will). To be sure, Syria’s antiquities depend upon the solidarity of all Syrians for their protection—but they also are in need of international action to support these local efforts. This is particularly true in the field of fighting illicit trafficking in Syrian cultural property. Taken altogether it is a challenge that must not only continue but also advance, a struggle that must be expanded, a work that must be broadened and magnified, if we are to save a civilization worthy of life and respect, one which has given a lot to this world.